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% Selection : Year = 1991
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@InProceedings{Alshawi_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Alshawi, Hiyan and Block, Hans Ullrich and Carter, David M. and Gambäck, Björn and Hunze, Richard and Peng, Ping and Rayner, Manny and Schachtl, Stephanie and Schmid, Ludwig},
      TITLE = {Communication multilinguale par forme quasi logique},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Conference on Natural Language Processing and its Applications},
      PAGES = {245-252},
      ADDRESS = {Avignon, France},
      URL = {http://www.sics.se/~gamback/publications/avignon91.ps},
      ABSTRACT = {In this paper we describe the experience gained and results obtained through devloping a transferbased interactive translation system which combines two language processing systems. The only part these systems have in common is the level of the semantic representation, for which we chose the quasilogical form.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Alshawi:1991:CMP.pdf Alshawi:1991:CMP.ps}
}

@TechReport{Alshawi_et_al:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Alshawi, Hiyan and Brown, Charles G. and Carter, David M. and Gambäck, Björn and Pulman, Stephen G. and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Bilingual Conversation Interpreter: A Prototype Message Translator},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {R91011 and CRC-018},
      ADDRESS = {Stockholm, Sweden and Cambridge, England},
      TYPE = {Final report. Joint Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {SICS and SRI},
      URL = {www.sics.se/humle/papers/R91011.ps},
      ABSTRACT = {This document is the final report for a research project aimed at producing a prototype system for on-line translation of typed dialogues between speakers of different natural languages. The work was carried out jointly by SICS and SRI Cambridge. The resulting prototype system (called Bilingual Conversation Interpreter, or BCI) translates between English and Swedish in both directions. The major components of the BCI are two copies of the SRI Core Language Engine, equipped with English and Swedish grammars respectively. These are linked by the transfer and disambiguation components. Translation takes place by analyzing the source-language sentence into Quasi Logical Form (QLF), a linguistically motivated logical representation, transferring this into a target-language QLF, and generating a targetlanguage sentence. When ambiguities occur that cannot be resolved automatically, they are clarified by querying the appropriate user. The clarification dialogue presupposes no knowledge of either linguistics or the other language. The prototype system has a broad grammatical coverage, a initial vocabulary of about 1000 words together with vocabulary expansion tools, and a set of English-Swedish transfer rules. The formalisms developed for coding this linguistic information make it relatively easy to extend the system. We believe that the project was successful in demonstrating the feasibility of using these techniques for interactive translation applications, and provides a sound basis for development of a large scale message translator system with potential for commercial exploitation.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Alshawi:1991:BCI.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Alshawi_et_al:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Alshawi, Hiyan and Carter, David M. and Gambäck, Björn and Pulman, Stephen G. and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Transfer through Quasi Logical Form: A New Approach to Machine Translation},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {T91020},
      ADDRESS = {Stockholm, Sweden},
      TYPE = {Technical Report},
      INSTITUTION = {SICS},
      URL = {www.sics.se/humle/papers/T91020.ps},
      ABSTRACT = {This document is an introduction to a research project aimed at produc- ing a prototype system for on-line translation of typed dialogues between speakers of different natural languages. The work was carried out jointly by SICS and SRI Cambridge. The resulting prototype system (called Bilingual Conversation Interpreter, or BCI) translates between English and Swedish in both directions.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Alshawi:1991:TTQ.pdf Alshawi:1991:TTQ.ps}
}

@TechReport{Alshawi_et_al:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Alshawi, Hiyan and Carter, David M. and Gambäck, Björn and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Translation by Quasi Logical Form Transfer},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {CRC-021},
      ADDRESS = {Cambridge, England},
      TYPE = {SRI International Technical Report},
      URL = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P91/P91-1021.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {The paper describes work on applying a general purpose natural language processing system to transfer-based interactive translation. Transfer takes place at the level of Quasi Logical Form (QLF), a contextually sensitive logical form representation which is deep enough for dealing with cross-linguistic differences. Theoretical arguments and experimental results are presented to support the claim that this framework has good properties in terms of modularity, compositionality, reversibility and monotonicity. QLFs were selected as the appropriate level for transfer because they are far enough removed from surface linguistic form to provide the flexibility required by cross-linguistic differences. On the other hand, the linguistic, unification-based processing involved in creating them can be carried out efficiently and without the need to reason about the domain or context; the QLF language has constructs for explicit representation of contextually sensitive aspects of interpretation.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Alshawi:1991:TQLa.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Alshawi_et_al:1991_4,
      AUTHOR = {Alshawi, Hiyan and Carter, David M. and Rayner, Manny and Gambäck, Björn},
      TITLE = {Translation by Quasi Logical Form Transfer},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {29th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACLANNUAL '91), June 18-21},
      PAGES = {161-168},
      EDITOR = {ACL},
      ADDRESS = {Berkeley, California, USA},
      URL = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P91/P91-1021.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {The paper describes work on applying a general purpose natural language processing system to transfer-based interactive translation. Transfer takes place at the level of Quasi Logical Form (QLF), a contextually sensitive logical form representation which is deep enough for dealing with cross-linguistic differences. Theoretical arguments and experimental results are presented to support the claim that this framework has good properties in terms of modularity, compositionality, reversibility and monotonicity. QLFs were selected as the appropriate level for transfer because they are far enough removed from surface linguistic form to provide the flexibility required by cross-linguistic differences. On the other hand, the linguistic, unification-based processing involved in creating them can be carried out efficiently and without the need to reason about the domain or context; the QLF language has constructs for explicit representation of contextually sensitive aspects of interpretation.}
}

@InProceedings{Asker_Samuelsson:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Asker, Lars and Samuelsson, Christer},
      TITLE = {Automating Lexical Acquisition},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {10th Annual Meeting of the Swedish Artificial Intelligence Society, April},
      PAGES = {1-3},
      ADDRESS = {Uppsala, Sweden}
}

@TechReport{Avgustinova_Oliva:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Avgustinova, Tania and Oliva, Karel},
      TITLE = {The Structure of Bulgarian Verb Complex},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {February},
      NUMBER = {4},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {In this article we wish to concentrate on a non-transformational description of the structure of complex verb forms in Modern Bulgarian, Slavonic language performing some Balkanic features in its morphology and syntax, which makes it differ considerably from other languages of the Slavonic group. Almost no such attempts have been made before, although some of the syntactic problems that arise have been mentioned and treated from different viewpoints in studies concerned with complex tenses, with voice and mood, with the status of pronouns, of negative and interrogative particles etc. The partially free word order of Bulgarian has been mentioned in very few works based on the transformational approach. For the sake of description of the Bulgarian verb complex, we felt we had to refrain from some of the standards of the linguistic background of many current non-transformational (as well as other) approaches. The changes we introduced concern the constituent structures used and they consist inriching the established approach with ideas stemming from the works of the Prague Linguistic School, namely with the notion of communicative dynamism. The shape of the structures is briefly sketched in the first part of the work, while the linguistic facts and their description are the main content of its second part; in the closing paragraphs, some phenomena are mentioned which were not examined in detail in the central sections of the work and their incorporation into the description as presented before is considered.}
}

@InProceedings{Backofen_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Backofen, Rolf and Euler, Lutz and Görz, Günther},
      TITLE = {Distributed Disjunctions for LIFE},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {International Workshop on Processing Declarative Knowledge (PDK '91), July 1-3},
      PAGES = {161-170},
      EDITOR = {Boley, Harold and Richter, M.M.},
      SERIES = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
      ADDRESS = {Kaiserslautern, Germany},
      PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag}
}

@TechReport{Backofen_et_al:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Backofen, Rolf and Euler, Lutz and Görz, Günther},
      TITLE = {Towards the Integration of Functions, Relations and Types in an AI Programming Language},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-032},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI}
}

@TechReport{Backofen_et_al:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Backofen, Rolf and Trost, Harald and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Linking Typed Feature Formalisms and Terminological Knowledge Representation Languages in Natural Language Front-Ends},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-28},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz},
      URL = {ftp://ftp.dfki.uni-kl.de/pub/Publications/ResearchReports/1991/RR-91-28.ps.gz},
      ABSTRACT = {In this Paper wie describe an interface between typed formalisms and terminological languages like KL-ONE. The definition of such an iterface is motivated by the needs of natural language front-ends to AI-systems where information must be transmittes from the front-end to the back-end system and vice versa. We show some minor extensions to the feature formalism allow for a syntactic description of individual concepts in terms of typed feature structures. Namely, we propose to include intervals and a special kind of sets. Partial consistency checks can be made on these concepts descriptions during the unification of feature terms. Type checking on these special involves calling the classifier of the terminological language. The final consistency check is performed only when transferring these concept description into structures of the A-Box of the terminological language.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Backofen:1991:LTFa.pdf Backofen:1991:LTFa.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Backofen_et_al:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Backofen, Rolf and Trost, Harald and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Linking Typed Feature Formalisms and Terminological Knowledge Representation Languages in Natural Language Front-Ends},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {4th Internationaler GI-Kongress Wissenbasierte Systeme. Verteilte Künstliche Intelligenz und kooperatives Arbeiten, 23.-24. Oktober},
      PAGES = {375-383},
      EDITOR = {Brauer, W. and Hernandez, D.},
      SERIES = {Informatik-Fachberichte 291},
      ADDRESS = {München, Germany},
      PUBLISHER = {Springer},
      URL = {ftp://ftp.dfki.uni-kl.de/pub/Publications/ResearchReports/1991/RR-91-28.ps.gz},
      ABSTRACT = {In this Paper we describe an interface between typed formalisms and terminological languages like KL-ONE. The definition of such an iterface is motivated by the needs of natural language front-ends to AI-systems where information must be transmittes from the front-end to the back-end system and vice versa. We show some minor extensions to the feature formalism allow for a syntactic description of individual concepts in terms of typed feature structures. Namely, we propose to include intervals and a special kind of sets. Partial consistency checks can be made on these concepts descriptions during the unification of feature terms. Type checking on these special involves calling the classifier of the terminological language. The final consistency check is performed only when transferring these concept description into structures of the A-Box of the terminological language.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Backofen:1991:LTFb.pdf Backofen:1991:LTFb.ps}
}

@TechReport{Balari:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Balari, Sergio},
      TITLE = {Why German is not a Null-Subject Language},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {September},
      NUMBER = {12},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes}
}

@InProceedings{Barry:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Barry, William J.},
      TITLE = {Critical Parameters in the Definition of Speech Recogniser Performance},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
      VOLUME = {5},
      PAGES = {426-429},
      ADDRESS = {Aix-en-Provence, France}
}

@InProceedings{Barry_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Barry, William J. and Goldsmith, M. and Fourcin, Adrian J. and Fuller, H.},
      TITLE = {Stability of Voice Frequency Measures in Speech},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
      VOLUME = {2},
      PAGES = {38-41},
      ADDRESS = {Aix-en-Provence, France}
}

@InCollection{Barry_Grice:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Barry, William J. and Grice, Martine},
      TITLE = {Auditory and Visual Factors in Speech Database Analysis},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Speech, Hearing and Language},
      VOLUME = {5},
      ADDRESS = {London}
}

@Book{Gabriel:1991,
      TITLE = {The Construction of a Natural Language and Graphics Interface. Results and Perspectives from the ACORD Project},
      YEAR = {1991},
      EDITOR = {Bes, Gabriel G.},
      SERIES = {Research Reports ESPRIT},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin},
      PUBLISHER = {Springer}
}

@InProceedings{Busemann:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Busemann, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Structure-Driven Generation From Seperate Semantic Representations},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference of the European Chapter of the ACL (EACL'91)},
      PAGES = {113-118},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin, Germany},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Busemann_1991_SDGFSSR.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {A new approach to structure-driven generation is presented that is based on a separate semantics as input structure. For the first time, a GPSGbased formalism is complemented with a system of pattern-action rules that relate the parts of a semantics to appropriate syntactic rules. This way a front end generator can be adapted to some application system (such as a machine translation system) more easily than would be possible with many previous generators based on modern grammar formalisms.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Busemann:1991:SDG.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Busemann:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Busemann, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Using Pattern-Action Rules for the Generation of GPSG Structure from Separate Semantic Representations},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-16},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Busemann_1991_UPARFTGOG_RR.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {In many tactical NL generators the semantic input structure is taken for granted. In this paper, a new approach to multilingual, tactical generation is presented that keeps the syntax separate from the semantics. This allows for the system to be directly adapted to application-dependent representations. In the case at hand, the semantics is specifically designed for sentence-semantic transfer in a machine translation system. The syntax formalism used is Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG). The mapping from semantic onto syntactic structures is performed by a set of pattern-action rules. Each rule matches a piece of the input structure and guides the GPSG structure-building process by telling it which syntax rule(s) to apply. The scope of each pattern-action rule is strictly local, the actions are primitive, and rules can not call each other. These restrictions render the production rule approach both highly modular and transparent.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Busemann:1991:UPAa.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Busemann:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Busemann, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Using Pattern-Action Rules for the Generation of GPSG Structures from MT-Oriented Semantics},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'91), August 24-30},
      PAGES = {1003-1011},
      EDITOR = {Mylopoulos, John and Reiter, Raymond},
      ADDRESS = {Sydney, Australia},
      PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Busemann_1991_UPARFTGOG.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {In many tactical NL generators the semantic input structure is taken for granted. In this paper, a new approach to multilingual, tactical generation is presented that keeps the syntax separate from the semantics. This allows for the system to be directly adapted to application-dependent representations. In the case at hand, the semantics is specifically designed for sentence-semantic transfer in a machine translation system. The syntax formalism used is Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG). The mapping from semantic onto syntactic structures is performed by a set of pattern-action rules. Each rule matches a piece of the input structure and guides the GPSG structure-building process by telling it which syntax rule(s) to apply. The scope of each pattern-action rule is strictly local, the actions are primitive, and rules can not call each other. These restrictions render the production rule approach both highly modular and transparent.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Busemann:1991:UPAb.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Dalsgaard_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Dalsgaard, Paul and Andersen, Ove and Barry, William J.},
      TITLE = {Multi-Lingual Label Alignment Using Acoustic-Phonetic Features Derived by Neural-Network Technique},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP'91), May 14-17},
      EDITOR = {IEEE},
      ADDRESS = {Toronto, Canada}
}

@InProceedings{Dalsgaard_et_al:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Dalsgaard, Paul and Andersen, Ove and Barry, William J.},
      TITLE = {The Cross-Language Validity of Acoustic-Phonetic Features in Label Alignment},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
      VOLUME = {5},
      PAGES = {382-385},
      ADDRESS = {Aix-en-Provence, France}
}

@TechReport{Erbach:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {A Flexible Parser for a Linguistic Development Environment},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {May},
      NUMBER = {9},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {We describe the parser of LEU/2, the Linguistic Experimentation Environment of the LILOG project. The parser is designed to support and encourage experimentation with different grammars, different styles of writing grammar, and with different parsing strategies. Unlike the parser of the first LILOG prototype, which was designed specifically for Categorial Unification Grammars, the present parser places hardly any restrictions on the format of the grammar, and also supports rules in ID/LP-format under two interpretations of LP statements. Empty categories can be processed. The parser includes a mechanism for processing unknown words, and for determining sentence boundaries in continuous text. The parser is a bottom-up chart parser for grammars encoded in STUF. Although the emphasis of the parser is on experimentation with different grammars rather than efficient analysis of texts, we have tried to make the parser as efficient as possible to make it a powerful experimentation tool for the grammar designer. In order to implement parsing strategies, the parsing process is decomposed into individual parsing tasks, which are placed onto an agenda according to their priority. This paper consists of two parts. In the first part, we discuss various choices in parser design, and motivate our design decisions by the use of the parser in a linguistic development environment. In the second part, the parser is described in more detail. Some familiarity with chart parsing is assumed.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Erbach:1991:FPLa.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Erbach:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {An Environment for Experimenting with Parsing Strategies},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {167},
      ADDRESS = {Stuttgart},
      TYPE = {IWBS Report},
      INSTITUTION = {IBM Deutschland GmbH}
}

@InCollection{Erbach:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {A Flexible Parser for a Linguistic Development Environment},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Textunderstanding in LILOG. Integrating Computational Linguistics and Artificial Intelligence.},
      PAGES = {74-87},
      EDITOR = {Herzog, Otthein and Rollinger, C.-R.},
      SERIES = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin},
      PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Erbach:1991:FPLb.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Erbach:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {An Environment for Experimenting with Parsing Strategies},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), August 24-30},
      VOLUME = {2},
      PAGES = {931-936},
      EDITOR = {Mylopoulos, John and Reiter, Raymond},
      ADDRESS = {Sydney, Australia},
      PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Erbach:1991:EEPb.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Erbach:1991_4,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {Lexical Representation of Idioms},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {169},
      ADDRESS = {Stuttgart},
      TYPE = {IWBS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {IBM Deutschland GmbH}
}

@TechReport{Erbach:1991_5,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {A Bottom-Up Algorithm for Parsing and Generation},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {February},
      NUMBER = {5},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      URL = {https://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~erbach/pub/claus5/erbach-claus5-92.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {We present a bottom-up algorithm for parsing and for the generation of language samples. A language sample is a subset of the language generated by a grammar which is restricted to avoid uninteresting variation. We discuss the use of the generation of language samples for grammar development, where inspection of a language sample can help to detect overgeneration in a grammar. The algorithm is a bottom-up chart parser, whose lexical lookup phase has been modified for generation of language samples. An analysis of the algorithm offers interesting insights into the relationship between parsing and generation, summarized by the statement that parsing is a constrained form of generation.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Erbach:1991:BAP.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Erbach:1991_6,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor},
      TITLE = {An Environment for Experimenting with Parsing Strategies},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {April},
      NUMBER = {8},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {An environment for the experimentation with parsing strategies is presented which consists of a parser which can process arbitrary parsing strategies, a functional language for the definition of strategies, and a statistical component which helps the user assess the effects of the different strategies.}
}

@InProceedings{Erbach_Arens:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Erbach, Gregor and Arens, Roman G.},
      TITLE = {Evaluation von Grammatiken für die Analyse natürlicher Sprache durch Generierung einer repräsentstiven Satzmenge},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {15. Fachtagung für Künstliche Intelligenz (GWAI '91), 16.-20. September},
      VOLUME = {285},
      PAGES = {126-129},
      EDITOR = {Christaller, T.},
      ADDRESS = {Bonn, Germany},
      PUBLISHER = {Springer Verlag}
}

@TechReport{Flickinger_Nerbonne:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Flickinger, Dan and Nerbonne, John},
      TITLE = {Inheritance and Complementation: A Case Study of Easy Adjectives and Related Nouns},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-30},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-30.dvi.Z ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-30.entry ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-30.ps.Z},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Flickinger:1991:ICC.pdf Flickinger:1991:ICC.ps Flickinger:1991:ICC.dvi}
}

@MastersThesis{Gambäck:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Gambäck, Björn},
      TITLE = {A Micro-World for Reasoning about Communicating Agents: the Bidding Phase of Contract Bridge},
      YEAR = {1991},
      ADDRESS = {Stockholm},
      SCHOOL = {The Royal Institute of Technology, Dept. of Telecommunication and Computer Systems}
}

@InProceedings{Gambäck_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Gambäck, Björn and Alshawi, Hiyan and Carter, David M. and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Measuring Compositionality of Transfer},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Evaluators' Forum, April 21-24},
      PAGES = {181-184},
      EDITOR = {Falkedal, Kirsten},
      ADDRESS = {Les Rasses, Switzerland},
      PUBLISHER = {ISSCO Publications}
}

@InProceedings{Gambäck_et_al:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Gambäck, Björn and Alshawi, Hiyan and Carter, David M. and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Measuring Compositionality in Transfer-Based Machine Translation Systems},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Natural Language Processing Systems Evaluation Workshop, June},
      NUMBER = {RL-TR-91-362},
      PAGES = {141-145},
      EDITOR = {Neal, J. G. and Walter, Stefan},
      SERIES = {Technical Report},
      ADDRESS = {University of California, Berkeley, California},
      PUBLISHER = {ACL},
      URL = {http://www.sics.se/~gamback/publications/nlp_eval91.ps},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Gamback:1991:MCTa.pdf Gamback:1991:MCTa.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Grice_Barry:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Grice, Martine and Barry, William J.},
      TITLE = {Problems of Transcription and Labelling in the Specification of Segmental and Prosodic Structure},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences},
      VOLUME = {5},
      PAGES = {66-69},
      ADDRESS = {Aix-en-Provence, France}
}

@Book{Hubert_Klaus:1991,
      TITLE = {Representation and Derivation in the Theory of Grammar},
      YEAR = {1991},
      VOLUME = {22},
      EDITOR = {Haider, Hubert and Netter, Klaus},
      SERIES = {Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory},
      ADDRESS = {Dordrecht},
      PUBLISHER = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}
}

@Book{Hans:1991,
      TITLE = {Tense and Aspect in English and French},
      YEAR = {1991},
      VOLUME = {R2.3.B},
      EDITOR = {Kamp, Hans},
      SERIES = {Dyana-Deliverable},
      ADDRESS = {Edinburgh},
      PUBLISHER = {Center for Cognitive Science}
}

@TechReport{Karger:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Karger, Reinhard},
      TITLE = {Der morphologische Komparativ in der Nominalphrase},
      YEAR = {1991},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Technical Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes}
}

@InCollection{Kasper_Eberle:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Kasper, Walter and Eberle, Kurt},
      TITLE = {Tense, Aspect, and Temporal Structure in French},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Tense and Aspects in English and French, DYANA-Deliverable R2.3.B},
      PAGES = {4-40},
      EDITOR = {Kamp, Hans},
      ADDRESS = {Edinburgh},
      PUBLISHER = {Center for Cognitive Science}
}

@InCollection{Krieger:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Krieger, Hans-Ulrich},
      TITLE = {Derivation Without Lexical Rules},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Constraints, Language and Computation},
      PAGES = {277-313},
      EDITOR = {Rupp, Christopher J. and Rosner, Michael and Johnson, Roderick},
      ADDRESS = {London},
      PUBLISHER = {Academic Press},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/paper.ps.gz ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/paper.entry},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Krieger:1991:DLRa.pdf Krieger:1991:DLRa.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Krieger:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Krieger, Hans-Ulrich},
      TITLE = {Derivation Without Lexical Rules},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Constraint Propagation, Linguistic Description, and Computation, November},
      NUMBER = {5},
      SERIES = {IDSIA Working Paper},
      ADDRESS = {Lugano, Switzerland},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/paper.ps.gz ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/paper.entry},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Krieger:1991:DLRb.pdf Krieger:1991:DLRb.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Krieger:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Krieger, Hans-Ulrich},
      TITLE = {Feature-Based Inheritance Networks for Computational Lexicons},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {ACQUILEX Workshop on Default Inheritance in the Lexicon, April 15},
      NUMBER = {238},
      EDITOR = {Briscoe, Ted and Copestake, Ann and de Paiva, Valeria},
      SERIES = {Technical Report},
      ADDRESS = {Cambridge, England}
}

@TechReport{Krieger_Nerbonne:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Krieger, Hans-Ulrich and Nerbonne, John},
      TITLE = {Feature-Based Inheritance Networks for Computational Lexicons},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-31},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-31.dvi.Z ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-31.entry ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-31.ps.Z},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Krieger:1991:FBIb.pdf Krieger:1991:FBIb.ps}
}

@TechReport{Laubsch_Nerbonne:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Laubsch, Joachim and Nerbonne, John},
      TITLE = {An Overview of NLL},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {July},
      ADDRESS = {Palo Alto},
      TYPE = {Technical Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Hewlett-Packard Laboratories}
}

@TechReport{Lerner:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Lerner, Jean-Yves},
      TITLE = {Quantorenanhebung bei Komparativkonstruktionen},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {December},
      NUMBER = {18},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes}
}

@TechReport{Millies_Pinkal:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Millies, Sebastian and Pinkal, Manfred},
      TITLE = {Eine deklarative Version der DRT in typisierter Merkmalslogik},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {December},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {GuK report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes}
}

@InCollection{Nerbonne:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John},
      TITLE = {Feature-Based Disambiguation},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Constraint Propagation, Linguistic Description and Computation},
      EDITOR = {Johnson, Roderick and Rosner, Michael and Rupp, Christopher J.},
      PUBLISHER = {Academic Press}
}

@TechReport{Nerbonne_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John and Gawron, Jean Mark and Peters, Stanley},
      TITLE = {Anaphora, Quantification and Absorption},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {CSLI-91-153},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford},
      TYPE = {Technical Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Center for the Studies of Linguistics and Information}
}

@InProceedings{Nerbonne_et_al:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John and Gawron, Jean Mark and Peters, Stanley},
      TITLE = {The Absorption Principle and E-Type Anaphora},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {2nd Conference on Situation Theory and its Applications},
      VOLUME = {2},
      PAGES = {335-362},
      EDITOR = {Barwise, J. and Gawron, Jean Mark and Plotkin, G. and Tutiya, S.},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford University, USA},
      PUBLISHER = {CSLI Lecture Notes}
}

@TechReport{Nerbonne_et_al:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John and Gawron, Jean Mark and Peters, Stanley},
      TITLE = {The Absorption Principle and E-Type Anaphora},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-12},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI}
}

@InCollection{Nerbonne_et_al:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John and Netter, Klaus and Diagne, Abdel Kader and Dickmann, Ludwig and Klein, Judith},
      TITLE = {A Diagnostic Tool for German Syntax},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Natural Language Processing Systems Workshop: Final Technical Report RL-TR-91-362},
      PAGES = {79-96},
      EDITOR = {Neal, J. G. and Walter, Stefan},
      ADDRESS = {New York},
      PUBLISHER = {Rome Laboratory}
}

@TechReport{Nerbonne_et_al:1991_4,
      AUTHOR = {Nerbonne, John and Netter, Klaus and Diagne, Abdel Kader and Dickmann, Ludwig and Klein, Judith},
      TITLE = {A Diagnostic Tool for German Syntax},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-18},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-18.dvi.Z ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-18.entry ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/RR-91-18.ps.Z},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Nerbonne:1991:DTGb.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Netter:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Netter, Klaus},
      TITLE = {Clause Union and Verb Raising Phenomena in German},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-21},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/kn91dyana.dvi.Z ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/kn91dyana.entry ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/kn91dyana.ps.Z}
}

@InCollection{Netter:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Netter, Klaus},
      TITLE = {Clause Union and Verb Raising Phenomena in German},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Clause Structure and Word Order Variation in Germanic},
      VOLUME = {R1.1.B},
      SERIES = {DYANA Deliverable},
      ADDRESS = {Edinburgh},
      PUBLISHER = {University of Edinburgh}
}

@Book{K._H.:1991,
      TITLE = {Representation and Derivation in the Theory of Grammar},
      YEAR = {1991},
      VOLUME = {22},
      EDITOR = {Netter, Klaus and Haider, Hubert},
      SERIES = {Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory},
      ADDRESS = {Dordrecht},
      PUBLISHER = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}
}

@InProceedings{Neumann:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter},
      TITLE = {A Bidirectional Model for Natural Language Processing},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {5th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL '91), April},
      PAGES = {245-250},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin, Germany},
      URL = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/E/E91/E91-1043.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {In this paper* I will argue for a model of grammatical processing that is based on uniform processing and knowledge sources. The main feature of this model is to view parsing and generation as two strongly interleaved tasks performed by a single parametrized deduction process. It will be shown that this view supports flexible and efficient natural language processing.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Neumann:1991:BMN.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Neumann:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter},
      TITLE = {Reversibility and Modularity in Natural Language Generation},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {ACL Workshop on Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing},
      PAGES = {31-39},
      ADDRESS = {Berkeley, California, USA}
}

@TechReport{Neumann:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter},
      TITLE = {Reversibility and Modularity in Natural Language Generation},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {June},
      NUMBER = {11},
      PAGES = {9},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {A thorough-going use of reversible grammars within natural language generation systems has strong implications for the separation into strategic and tactical components. A central goal of this paper is to make plausible that a uniform architecture for grammatical processing will serve as a basis to achieve more flexible and efficient generation systems.}
}

@TechReport{Neumann:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter},
      TITLE = {A Bidirectional Model for Natural Language Processing},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {April},
      NUMBER = {7},
      PAGES = {6},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {In this paper I will argue for a model of grammatical processing that is based on uniform processing and knowledge sources. The main feature of this model is to view parsing and generation as two strongly interleaved tasks performed by a single parametrized deduction process. It will be shown that this view supports flexible and efficient natural language processing.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Neumann:1991:BMNb.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Neumann_Finkler:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter and Finkler, Wolfgang},
      TITLE = {A Head-Driven Approach to Incremental and Parallel Generation of Syntactic Structures},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-07},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      ABSTRACT = {This paper describes the construction of syntactic structures within an incremental multi-level and parallel generation system. Incremental and parallel generation imposes special requirements upon syntactic description and processing. A head-driven grammar represented in a unification-based formalism is introduced which satisfies these demands. Furthermore the basic mechanisms for the parallel processing of syntactic segments are presented.}
}

@TechReport{Neumann_van Noord:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Neumann, Günter and van Noord, Gertjan},
      TITLE = {Self-Monitoring with Reversible Grammars},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {October},
      PAGES = {7},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {We describe a method and its implementation for self-monitoring during natural language generation. In situations of communication where the generation of ambiguous utterances should be avoided our method is able to compute an unambiguous utterance for a given semantic input. The proposed method is based on a very strict integration of parsing and generation. During the monitored generation step, a previously generated (possibly) ambiguous utterance is parsed and the obtained alternative derivation trees are used as a guide for re-generating the utterance. To achieve such an integrated approach the underlying grammar should be reversible.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Neumann:1991:SMR.pdf}
}

@TechReport{Oliva:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Oliva, Karel},
      TITLE = {On Cases of Fixed Word Order in a Free Word Order Language},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {November},
      NUMBER = {14},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {The main stress of this paper will be put on description and explanation of certain phenomena concerning the crossing dependencies (non-projective constructions), but some more general implications of the proposals contained will be mentioned as well. To this end, two recent approaches to the problem will be reviewed and compared, which comparison creates actually the very core of the paper. The first of the appraches to description of crossing dependencies is presented in the paper On Head Non-Movement by Pollard. This approach tries to implant the crossing into the (syntactic) structure. To achieve this goal, it uses means resulting in changing the intuitive subcategorization requirements of words and phrases involved - actually a non-transformational analog of raising. The second approach, put forward in the paper by Reape A Theory of Word Order And Discontinuous Constituency in West Continental Germanic, keeps the immediate dominance relations (expressing subcategorization, among other) intact, and aims at describing the crossing phenomena by means of non-concatenative phonology. Unsurprisingly, it can be shown that, in the general case, neither of them is to be considered satisfactory alone, and that only a reasonable combination of the two can be hoped to cover the full range of data. Nevertheless, one of the approaches will be shown to be superior to the other as to description of their syntactically interesting part. Later some refinements and changes of this approach will be proposed (together with their motivations), with the aim of making the theory fit better the empirical data. The sketched approach is illustrated on certain constructions from German and Czech.}
}

@TechReport{Pinkal:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Pinkal, Manfred},
      TITLE = {On the Syntactic-Semantic Analysis of Bound Anaphora},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {February},
      NUMBER = {6},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {Two well-known phenomena in the area of pronoun binding are considered: ndirect binding of pronouns by indefinite NPs (donkey sentences) and surface-syntactic constraints on binding (weak cross-over). A common treatment is proposed, and general consequences for the relation between syntactic and semantic processing are discussed. It is argued that syntactic and semantic analysis must interact in a complex way, rather than in a simple sequential or strict rule-to-rule fashion.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Pinkal:1991:SSAa.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Pinkal:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Pinkal, Manfred},
      TITLE = {On the Syntactic-Semantic Analysis of Bound Anaphora},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {5th EACL Conference, April 9-11},
      PAGES = {45-50},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin, Germany},
      URL = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/E/E91/E91-1009.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {Two well-known phenomena in the area of pronoun binding are considered: Indirect binding of pronouns by indefinite NPs (donkey sentences) and surface-syntactic constraints on binding (weak cross-over). A common treatment is proposed, and general consequences for the relation between syntactic and semantic processing are discussed. It is argued that syntactic and semantic analysis must interact in a complex way, rather than in a simple sequential or strict rule-to-rule fashion.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Pinkal:1991:SSAb.pdf}
}

@InCollection{Pinkal:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Pinkal, Manfred},
      TITLE = {Vagheit und Ambiguität},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Semantik: Internationales Handbuch der zeitgenössischen Forschung},
      PAGES = {250-269},
      EDITOR = {von Stechow, A. and Wunderlich, D.},
      ADDRESS = {Berlin},
      PUBLISHER = {de Gruyter}
}

@MastersThesis{Samuelsson:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Samuelsson, Christer},
      TITLE = {Using Explanation-Based Learning to Speed up Natural Language Systems},
      YEAR = {1991},
      ADDRESS = {Stockholm},
      SCHOOL = {The Royal Institute of Technology}
}

@TechReport{Samuelsson_Rayner:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Samuelsson, Christer and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Developing an EBL Bypass for a Large-Scale Natural Language Query Interface to Relational Data Bases},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {January},
      NUMBER = {R91001},
      ADDRESS = {Stockholm},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS)}
}

@InProceedings{Samuelsson_Rayner:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Samuelsson, Christer and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Explanation-Based Learning as a Tuning Tool for Large-Scale Natural Language Interfaces},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {AAAI Spring Symposium Series, Workshop on Machine Learning in Natural Language and Ontology, March},
      PAGES = {143-145},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford, California, USA}
}

@InProceedings{Samuelsson_Rayner:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Samuelsson, Christer and Rayner, Manny},
      TITLE = {Quantitative Evaluation of Explanation-Based Learning as an Optimization Tool for a Large-Scale Natural Language System},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), August 24-30},
      PAGES = {609-615},
      EDITOR = {Mylopoulos, John and Reiter, Raymond},
      ADDRESS = {Sydney, Australia},
      PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann}
}

@TechReport{Saurer:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Saurer, Werner},
      TITLE = {A Natural Deduction System for Discourse Representation Theory},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {December},
      NUMBER = {16},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes}
}

@TechReport{Trost:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Trost, Harald},
      TITLE = {X2MORF: A Morphological Component Based on Augmented Two-Level Morphology},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-04},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {ftp://ftp.dfki.uni-kl.de/pub/Publications/ResearchReports/1991/RR-91-04.ps.gz},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Trost:1991:XMCa.pdf Trost:1991:XMCa.ps}
}

@Article{Trost:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Trost, Harald},
      TITLE = {A Morphological Component for the Recognition and Generation of Word Forms in Natural Language Understanding Systems: Integrating Two-Level Morphology and Feature Unification},
      YEAR = {1991},
      JOURNAL = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
      VOLUME = {4},
      NUMBER = {4},
      PAGES = {411-457}
}

@InProceedings{Trost:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Trost, Harald},
      TITLE = {X2MORF: A Morphological Component Based on Augmented Two-Level Morphology},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 12th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI '91), August 24-30},
      VOLUME = {2},
      PAGES = {1024-1030},
      EDITOR = {Mylopoulos, John and Reiter, Raymond},
      ADDRESS = {Sydney, Australia},
      PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers}
}

@Article{Trost:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Trost, Harald},
      TITLE = {Recogniton and Generation of Word Forms for Natural Language Understanding Systems: Integrating Two-Level Morphology and Feature Unification},
      YEAR = {1991},
      JOURNAL = {Applied Artificial Intelligence},
      VOLUME = {4},
      NUMBER = {4},
      PAGES = {411-457},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Trost_1991_RGWFVLUS.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {A language-independent morphological component for the recognition and generation of word forms is presented. Based on a lexicon of morphs, the approach combines two-level morphology and a feature-based unification grammar describing word formation. To overcome the heavy use of diacritics, feature structures are associated with the two-level rules. These feature structures function as filters for the application of the rules. That way information contained in the lexicon and the morphological grammar can guide the application of the two-level rules. Moreover, information can be transmitted from the two-level part to the grammar part. This approach allows for a natural description of some nonconcatenative morphological phenomena as well as morphonological phenomena that are restricted to certain word classes in their applicability. The approach is applied to German inflectional and derivational morphology. The component may easily be incorporated into natural language understanding systems and can be especially useful in medical, scientific, or technical languages where it can be used for the automatic processing of compound words.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Trost:1991:RGW.pdf}
}

@InProceedings{Uszkoreit:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Adding Control Information to Declarative Grammars},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {29th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACLANNUAL '91), June 18-21},
      PAGES = {237-245},
      EDITOR = {ACL},
      ADDRESS = {University of California, Berkeley, California, USA},
      PUBLISHER = {ACL}
}

@TechReport{Uszkoreit:1991_1,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Adding Control Information to Declarative Grammars},
      YEAR = {1991},
      NUMBER = {RR-91-29},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Research Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI}
}

@TechReport{Uszkoreit:1991_2,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Adding Control Information to Declarative Grammars},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {June},
      NUMBER = {10},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {Strategies are proposed for combining different kinds of constraints in declarative grammars with a detachable layer of control information. The added control information is the basis for parametrized dynamically controlled linguistic deduction, a form of linguistic processing that permits the implementation of plausible linguistic performance models without giving up the declarative formulation of linguistic competence. The information can be used by the linguistic processor for ordering the sequence in which conjuncts and disjuncts are processed, for mixing depth-first and breadth-first search, for cutting off undesired derivations, and for constraint-relaxation.}
}

@InProceedings{Uszkoreit:1991_3,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Strategies for Adding Control Information to Declarative Grammars},
      YEAR = {1991},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics (ACL-ANNUAL'91), June 18-21},
      PAGES = {237-245},
      ADDRESS = {University of California, Berkeley, California, USA},
      PUBLISHER = {ACL},
      URL = {http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P91/P91-1031.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {Strategies are proposed for combining different kinds of constraints in declarative grammars with a detachable layer of control information. The added control information is the basis for parametrized dynamically controlled linguistic deduction, a form of linguistic processing that permits the implementation of plausible linguistic performance models without giving up the declarative formulation of linguistic competence. The information can be used by the linguistic processor for ordering the sequence in which conjuncts and disjuncts are processed, fpr mixing depth-first and breadth-first search, for cutting off undesired derivations, and for contraint-relaxation.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Uszkoreit:1991:SAC.pdf}
}

@TechReport{van Noord:1991,
      AUTHOR = {van Noord, Gertjan},
      TITLE = {Head Corner Parsing},
      YEAR = {1991},
      MONTH = {December},
      NUMBER = {15},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      ABSTRACT = {I describe a head-driven parser for a class of grammars that handle discontinuous constituency by a richer notion of string combination than ordinary concatenation. The parser is a generalization of the left-corner parser and can be used for grammars written in powerful formalisms such as non- concatenative versions of UCG and HPSG.}
}

@TechReport{Ziff_et_al:1991,
      AUTHOR = {Ziff, Donald A. and Waclena, Keith and Spackman, Stephen P.},
      TITLE = {CAL: Combinator Assembly Language},
      YEAR = {1991},
      ADDRESS = {Chicago},
      TYPE = {Technical Report},
      INSTITUTION = {University of Chicago Center for Information and Language Studies},
      URL = {http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/cils-tr/tr91-02.ps},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Ziff:1991:CCA.pdf Ziff:1991:CCA.ps}
}