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@TechReport{Backofen_et_al:1994,
      AUTHOR = {Backofen, Rolf and Busemann, Stephan and Diagne, Abdel Kader and Hinkelman, Elizabeth and Kasper, Walter and Kiefer, Bernd and Krieger, Hans-Ulrich and Netter, Klaus and Neumann, Günter and Oepen, Stephan and Spackman, Stephen P. and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      TITLE = {Abschlussbericht: DISCO - Dialogsystem für autonome kooperierende Agenten},
      YEAR = {1994},
      NUMBER = {R:S95-060},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken},
      TYPE = {Report},
      INSTITUTION = {DFKI},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Backofen_1994_DDFAKA.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {In der Entwicklung der Informationstechnologie wird die natürliche Sprache zu einem unentbehrlichen Medium für die Kommunikation zwischen Menschen und ihren autonomen maschinellen Partnern (Agenten). Im Projekt DISCO wurde ein Dialogsystem entwickelt, das maschinelle Dialogpartner in die Lage versetzt, mit ihren menschlichen Partnern in natürlicher Sprache zu kommunizieren. Während existierende Dialogsysteme zur Kommunikation zwischen der Maschine und einem einzigen menschlichen Benutzer gedacht sind, nimmt das DISCO-System an Dialogen zwischen mehr als zwei Teilnehmern teil. Die autonomen kooperierenden Agenten, für die das DISCO-System geschaffen wurde, sind KISoftwaresysteme auf vernetzten Computern. DlSCO führte Forschung sowohl in Computerlinguistik als auch in anderen Gebieten der KI durch. Frühere Arbeiten an natürlichsprachlichen Dialogsystemen konzentrierten sich entweder auf moderne Methoden für die linguistische Spezifikation und die Sprachverarbeitung oder auf fortgeschrittene Dialogverarbeitung. Im Unterschied dazu konnte DISCO erfolgreich Resultate aus beiden Gebieten integrieren. Als Ergebnis erhielt das DFKI ein auf modernsten Technologien aufbauendes, umfangreiches, flexibles, erweiterbares natürlichsprachliches Kernsystem, das für eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsentwicklungen eingesetzt werden kann und bereits in mehreren anderen Projekten eingesetzt wird.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Backofen:1994:ADD.pdf}
}

@InCollection{Callmeier:2002,
      AUTHOR = {Callmeier, Ulrich},
      TITLE = {Preprocessing and Encoding Techniques in PET},
      YEAR = {2002},
      BOOKTITLE = {Collaborative Language Engineering. A Case Study in Efficient Grammar-based Processing},
      EDITOR = {Oepen, Stephan and Flickinger, Dan and Tsujii, Jun-ichi and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford},
      PUBLISHER = {CSLI Publications}
}

@InProceedings{Copestake_et_al:2001,
      AUTHOR = {Copestake, Ann and Carroll, John and Flickinger, Dan and Malouf, Robert and Oepen, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Using an Open-Source Unification-Based System for CL/ NLP Teaching},
      YEAR = {2001},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the EACL/ ACL Workshop on Sharing Tools and Resources for Research and Education},
      ADDRESS = {Toulouse, France},
      URL = {http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/lab/nlp/carroll/papers/acl01-workshop-lkb.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {We demonstrate the opensource LKB system which has been used to teach the fundamentals of constraintbased grammar development to several groups of students.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Copestake:2001:UOS.pdf}
}

@Article{Flickinger_et_al:2000_1,
      AUTHOR = {Flickinger, Dan and Oepen, Stephan and Uszkoreit, Hans and Tsujii, Jun-ichi},
      TITLE = {Introduction},
      YEAR = {2000},
      JOURNAL = {Journal of Natural Language Engineering},
      VOLUME = {6},
      NUMBER = {1},
      PAGES = {1-14},
      URL = {http://www.dfki.de/dfkibib/publications/docs/Flickinger_2000_JNLE.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {This issue of Natural Language Engineering journal reports on recent achievements in the domain of hpsg-based parsing. Research groups at Saarbrücken, CSLI Stanford and the University of Tokyo have worked on grammar development and processing systems that allow the use of hpsg-based processing in practical application contexts. Much of the research reported here has been collaborative, and all of the work shares a commitment to producing comparable results on wide-coverage grammars with substantial test suites. The focus of this special issue is deliberately narrow, to allow detailed technical reports on the results obtained among the collaborating groups. Thus, the volume cannot aim at providing a complete survey on the current state of the field. This introduction summarizes the research background for the work reported in the issue, and puts the major new approaches and results into perspective. Relationships to similar efforts pursued elsewhere are included, along with a brief summary of the research and development efforts reflected in the volume, the joint reference grammar, and the common sets of reference data.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Flickinger:2000:IB.pdf}
}

@InCollection{Kiefer_Krieger:2002,
      AUTHOR = {Kiefer, Bernd and Krieger, Hans-Ulrich},
      TITLE = {A Context-Free Approximation of Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar},
      YEAR = {2002},
      BOOKTITLE = {Collaborative Language Engineering. A Case Study in Efficient Grammar-Based Processing},
      EDITOR = {Oepen, Stephan and Flickinger, Dan and Tsujii, Jun-ichi and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford},
      PUBLISHER = {CSLI Publications},
      ABSTRACT = {We present a context-free approximation of unification-based grammars, such as HPSG or PATR-II. The theoretical underpinning is established through a least fixpoint construction over a certain monotonic function. In order to reach a finite fixpoint, the concrete implementation can be parameterized in several ways, either by specifying a finite iteration depth, by using different restrictors, or by making the symbols of the CFG more complex adding annotations à la GPSG. We also present several methods that speed up the approximation process and help to limit the size of the resulting CF grammar.}
}

@InProceedings{Lehmann_et_al:1996,
      AUTHOR = {Lehmann, Sabine and Estival, Dominique and Oepen, Stephan},
      TITLE = {TSNLP - Des jeux de phrases-test pour l'évaluation d'application dans le domaine du TALN},
      YEAR = {1996},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on HPSG and Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel (TALN'96), May 22-24},
      ADDRESS = {Marseille, France},
      URL = {http://clwww.essex.ac.uk/group/projects/tsnlp/papers/tsnlp-taln96.ps.gz},
      ABSTRACT = {Le nombre d'applications dans le domaine du TALN n'a cessé d'augmenter lors de ces dernières années. Ce développement va de pair avec une demande croissante d'outils pour évaluer ces applications. Le projet TSNLP répond à cette demande en proposant une méthodologie et des outils pour l'évaluation à l'aide de jeux de phrases-test. Mis à part une méthodologie élaborée pour la construction de matériel de test, TSNLP a créé la plus grand base de données de jeux de phrases-test actuellement disponible pour le français, l'anglais et l'allemand. En outre, ce projet a développé des outils qui facilitent la construction, le stockage et l'accès aux données. Les résultats de TSNLP seront publiques. Le projet propose ainsi des ressources linguistiques qui pourraient devenir une proposition de standard pour un modèle d'evaluation pour tout utilisateur d'applications dans le domaine du TALN.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Lehmann:1996:TJP.pdf Lehmann:1996:TJP.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Oepen_et_al:2002,
      AUTHOR = {Oepen, Stephan and Bender, Emily and Callmeier, Ulrich and Flickinger, Dan and Siegel, Melanie},
      TITLE = {Parallel Distributed Grammar Engineering for Practical Applications},
      YEAR = {2002},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
      ADDRESS = {Taipei, Taiwan},
      URL = {http://www-csli.stanford.edu/~bender/papers/gee13.pdf},
      ABSTRACT = {Based on a detailed case study of parallel grammar development distributed across two sites, we review some of the requirements for regression testing in grammar engineering, summarize our approach to systematic competence and performance profiling, and discuss our experience with grammar development for a commercial application. If possible, the workshop presentation will be organized around a software demonstration.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Oepen:2002:PDG.pdf}
}

@Book{Stephan_et_al:2002,
      TITLE = {Collaborative Language Engineering. A Case Study in Efficient Grammar-based Processing},
      YEAR = {2002},
      PAGES = {300},
      EDITOR = {Oepen, Stephan and Flickinger, Dan and Tsujii, Jun-ichi and Uszkoreit, Hans},
      SERIES = {CSLI Lecture Notes},
      ADDRESS = {Stanford},
      PUBLISHER = {CSLI Publications},
      ABSTRACT = {Following high hopes and subsequent disillusionment in the late 1980s, the past decade of work in language engineering has seen a dramatic increase in the power and sophistication of statistical approaches to natural language processing, along with a growing recognition that these methods alone cannot meet the full range of demands for applications of NLP. While statistical methods, often described as 'shallow' processing techniques, can bring real advantages in robustness and efficiency, they do not provide the precise, reliable representations of meaning which more conventional symbolic grammars can supply for natural language. A consistent, fine-grained mapping between form and meaning is of critical importance in some NLP applications, including machine translation, speech prosthesis, and automated email response. Recent advances in grammar development and processing implementations offer hope of meeting these demands for precision. This volume provides an update on the state of the art in the development and application of broad-coverage declarative grammars built on sound linguistic foundations -- the 'deep' processing paradigm -- and presents several aspects of an international research effort to produce comprehensive, re-usable grammars and efficient technology for parsing and generating with such grammars.}
}

@InProceedings{Uszkoreit_et_al:1994,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans and Backofen, Rolf and Busemann, Stephan and Diagne, Abdel Kader and Hinkelman, Elizabeth and Kasper, Walter and Kiefer, Bernd and Krieger, Hans-Ulrich and Netter, Klaus and Neumann, Günter and Oepen, Stephan and Spackman, Stephen P.},
      TITLE = {DISCO - An HPSG-Based NLP System and its Application for Appointment Scheduling},
      YEAR = {1994},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING'94), August 5-9},
      VOLUME = {1},
      PAGES = {436-440},
      ADDRESS = {Kyoto, Japan},
      URL = {ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/coli.ps.Z ftp://ftp.dfki.uni-kl.de/pub/Publications/ResearchReports/1994/RR-94-38.ps.gz ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/coli.dvi.Z ftp://lt-ftp.dfki.uni-sb.de/pub/papers/local/coli.entry},
      ABSTRACT = {The natural language system DISCO is described. It combines - a powerful and flexible grammar development system - linguistic competence for German including morphology, syntax and semantics - new methods for linguistic performance modelling on the basis of high-level competence grammars - new methods for modelling multi-agent dialogue competence - an interesting sample application for appointment scheduling and calendar management},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Uszkoreit:1994:DHBa.pdf Uszkoreit:1994:DHBa.ps}
}

@TechReport{Uszkoreit_et_al:1998_1,
      AUTHOR = {Uszkoreit, Hans and Brants, Thorsten and Duchier, Denys and Krenn, Brigitte and Konieczny, Lars and Oepen, Stephan and Skut, Wojciech},
      TITLE = {Studien zur performanzorientierten Linguistik. Aspekte der Relativsatzextraposition im Deutschen},
      YEAR = {1998},
      MONTH = {April},
      NUMBER = {99},
      ADDRESS = {Saarbrücken.},
      TYPE = {CLAUS-Report},
      INSTITUTION = {Universität des Saarlandes},
      URL = {https://www.coli.uni-saarland.de/~thorsten/publications/Uszkoreit-ea-CLAUS99.pdf ftp://ftp.coli.uni-sb.de/pub/coli/claus/claus99.ps ftp://ftp.coli.uni-sb.de/pub/coli/claus/claus99.dvi},
      ABSTRACT = {Am Beispiel der Relativsatzextraposition im Deutschen zeigt das Papier wie Verfahren der sprachwissenschaftlichen Modellbildung, korpuslinguistischen Untersuchung und des psycholinguistischen Experiments in einem integrativen Forschungsansatz zusammenwirken, der auf ein verbessertes Verständnis und die linguistisch wie kognitiv adäquate Modellierung sprachlicher Performanzprobleme zielt. Ausgehend von der von Hawkins (1994) formulierten Theorie zur Wortstellung werden Hypothesen über die positionelle Verteilung von Relativsätzen formuliert und in Bezug auf Korpusdaten und Akzeptabilitätsmessungen überprüft. Alle beschriebenen empirischen Untersuchungen bestätigen den erwarteten Einfluß von Längenfaktoren auf die Relativsatzdistribution, zeigen gleichzeitig aber eine interessante Asymmetrie zwischen Produktions- und Rezeptionsdaten. Ein gekürzte Fassung erscheint in Kognitionswissenschaft, Themenheft SFB 378, 1998.},
      ANNOTE = {COLIURL : Uszkoreit:1998:SPLb.pdf Uszkoreit:1998:SPLb.ps}
}

@InProceedings{Oepen_et_al:2002_1,
      AUTHOR = {Oepen, Stephan and Bender, Emily and Callmeier, Uli and Flickinger, Dan and Siegel, Melanie},
      TITLE = {Parallel Distributed Grammar Engineering for Practical Applications.},
      YEAR = {2002},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
      ADDRESS = {Taipei, Taiwan},
      ANNOTE = {HOMEPAGE : http://www.dfki.de/~siegel/mypubs.html}
}

@InProceedings{ZhOeCa2007,
      AUTHOR = {Zhang, Yi and Oepen, Stephan and Carroll, John},
      TITLE = {Efficiency in unification-based N-best parsing},
      YEAR = {2007},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 10th international conference on parsing technologies (IWPT 2007), Prague, Czech},
      PAGES = {48–59},
      NOTE = {HU}
}

@InProceedings{ZhWaOe2009,
      AUTHOR = {Zhang, Yi and Wang, Rui and Oepen, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Hybrid multilingual parsing with HPSG for SRL},
      YEAR = {2009},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL) : shared task ; June 4, 2009, Boulder, Colorado},
      PAGES = {31-36},
      ADDRESS = {Stroudsburg, Pa},
      ORGANIZATION = {ACL},
      NOTE = {HU}
}

@InProceedings{AdOeCaCrFlKi2008,
      AUTHOR = {Adolphs, Peter and Oepen, Stephan and Callmeier, Ulrich and Crysmann, Berthold and Flickinger, Dan and Kiefer, Bernd},
      TITLE = {Some fine points of hybrid natural language parsing},
      YEAR = {2008},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation : LREC 2008, May 26 - June 1, 2008, Palais des congrès Mansour Eddahbi, Marrakech, Morocco},
      PAGES = {1380-1387},
      ADDRESS = {Paris},
      ORGANIZATION = {ELRA},
      NOTE = {HU}
}

@InProceedings{BenFli2011,
      AUTHOR = {Bender, Emily and Flickinger, Dan and Oepen, Stephan and Zhang, Yi},
      TITLE = {Parser evaluation over local and non-local deep dependencies in a large corpus},
      YEAR = {2011},
      MONTH = {27-31 July},
      BOOKTITLE = {Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing : EMNLP 2011; proceedings of the conference},
      PAGES = {397-408},
      ADDRESS = {Stroudsburg, PA},
      PUBLISHER = {ACL},
      NOTE = {ISBN/ISSN: 978-1-937284-11-4}
}

@InProceedings{SchaeRea2012,
      AUTHOR = {Schäfer, Ulrich and Read, Jonathan and Oepen, Stephan},
      TITLE = {Towards an ACL anthology corpus with logical document structure : an overview of the ACL 2012 contributed task},
      YEAR = {2012},
      MONTH = {10-10 July},
      BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the ACL-2012 Special Workshop on Rediscovering 50 Years of Discoveries : ACL 2012},
      PAGES = {88-97},
      ADDRESS = {Stroudsburg, PA},
      ORGANIZATION = {ACL},
      NOTE = {HU}
}