Discussion points for Beddor:2023 - basic assumptions . non-random, systematic phonetic variants underlie sound change . innovative speaking and listening, production-perception loop - how do stable patterns of variation in a speech community become unstable patterns that lead to change? . (nearly) all changes due to coarticulation and reduction? . what about phonetic convergence? . errors and misperception not a necessary trigger - how to identify sound change in progress? . static snapshots vs longitudinal observation . why this change, why now, why this language/variety? . is change in perception ahead of change in production? . are there individual leaders of change? - how does innovative speaking/listening result in new phonetic norms? - are changes a consequence of universal mechanisms of human speech processing (e.g., aerodynamics, quantal regions, prosody??, frequency of usage, predictability, multilingualism) - how to model sound change . exemplar models . convergence models . agent-based models