Exemplar Theory in Language and Speech Science

Summer 2020, Möbius (Seminar, 2 SWS), LSF/HIS #121569

M.Sc. Language Science and Technology

Wed 16.00-17.30, C7.2/5.09
or as a compact course (to be discussed)

Please register for this course here: FORM
(contact information only, no formal or exam registration)

This course is taught online via Zoom.
Information on access and etiquette

Entrance requirements

Foundations of Language Science and Technology, and Speech Science (recommended).

Course description

Exemplar Theory assumes that speech perception and production are closely linked to each other in a perception-production loop. All percepts of speech events are stored in memory as exemplars in a perceptual space. This space can be represented as a cognitive map comprising many dimensions, which encode the phonetic and phonological properties of the exemplars. Perceived realizations of speech events form clouds of exemplars on the map. These exemplar clouds represent the categories of a given language. Within each category the distribution of exemplars indicates the range of variation of the parameters which characterize the respective category. Exemplar models have been proposed for areas of (computational) linguistics other than phonetics, especially syntax, and this seminar will address such models as well.

Course credits

7 CP (presentation and paper) or 4 CP (presentation only).
Active participation on a regular basis required.

Requirements

Participation: You are expected to be physically present throughout the seminar and take part in the discussion.
You may miss maximally one class without formal consequences. Please send me an email message in this case, just saying that you will not take part, no explanation required. In case you cannot make it a second or third time, you have to write and submit a summary of the papers to be read (minimum one page per paper).

Reading: For each class, you are required to read one or two papers (see Schedule). For each paper, please send me one question that you want to be answered or discussed in class (on the day preceding the class, before midnight).

Presentation: An oral presentation of 30-45 minutes, typically based on a core paper and maybe some complementary reading. Please contact me (1) when you have been assigned a topic/paper and want to start working on it; (2) when you have a pre-final draft version of the presentation. After your presentation I will provide feedback to you. The final version of your slides will be posted on the course homepage.

Term Paper: MSc students opting for the 7 CP version have to write a term paper (deadlines see below). The topic of the paper need not be identical or overlap with the topic of your oral presentation.

Deadlines

Exam registration: July 10, 2020
Term paper: Sept 30, 2020

Contact:
  Prof. Dr. Bernd Möbius
  Email
  C7.2/4.10
  0681/302-4500

Schedule (tentative, to be discussed)

Session Topic/Paper Presented by Slides etc.
06.05. Introduction
Paper assignments
Möbius pdf, pptx
20.05. Hay/Bresnan:2006 Düe pdf
03.06. Winter/Wedel:2016
Harrington/etal:2019
Schulz
Janzso
pdf
pptx
10.06. Pierrehumbert:2016
Tilsen:2009
Vrazitulis
Osmelak
pdf
pdf
24.06. Cutler/etal:2020
Todd/etal:2019
Volz
Kirchner
pdf
pdf
01.07. Morano/etal:2019 Mauborgne pdf
08.07. Kimball/etal:2015 Posner pdf

References (primary) - *essential

*Bybee, Joan and File-Muriel, Richard J. and Napoleao de Souza, Ricardo. 2016. Special reduction: a usage-based approach. Language and Cognition 8:421-446. - pdf

*Cutler, Anne and Eisner, Frank and McQueen, James M. and Norris, Denis. 2010. How abstract phonemic categories are necessary for coping with speaker-related variation. Laboratory Phonology 10:91-111. - pdf

Hanique, Iris and Aalders, Ellen and Ernestus, Mirjam. 2013. How robust are exemplar effects in word comprehension? The Mental Lexicon 8(3):269-294. - pdf

Harrington, Jonathan and Gubian, Michele and Stevens, Mary and Schiel, Florian. 2019. Phonetic change in an Antarctic winter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146(5):3327-3332. - pdf

Hay, Jennifer and Joan Bresnan. 2006. Spoken syntax: The phonetics of giving a hand in New Zealand English. The Linguistic Review 23:321-349. - pdf

Kimball, Amelia E. and Cole, Jennifer and Dell, Gary and Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stefanie. 2015. Categorical vs. episodic memory for pitch accents in English. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Glasgow). 1-5. - pdf

Kirchner, Robert and Moore, Roger~K. and Chen, Tsung-Ying. 2010. Computing phonological generalization over real speech exemplars. Journal of Phonetics 38:540-547. - pdf

*Morano, Lisa and ten Bosch, Louis and Ernestus, Mirjam. 2019. Looking for exemplar effects: testing the comprehension and memory representations of r'duced words in Dutch learners of French. Fuchs et al. (Eds.), Speech Perception and Production: Learning and Memory. - pdf

Nijveld, Annika and ten Bosch, Louis and Ernestus, Mirjam. 2015. Exemplar effects arise in a lexical decision task, but only under adverse listening conditions. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Glasgow). - pdf

*Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2016. Phonological representation: Beyond abstract versus episodic. Annual Review of Linguistics 2:33-52. - pdf

*Schweitzer, Antje. 2019. Exemplar-theoretic integration of phonetics and phonology: Detecting prominence categories in phonetic space. Journal of Phonetics 77:1-20. - pdf

Schweitzer, Katrin and Walsh, Michael and Calhoun, Sasha and Schütze, Hinrich and Möbius, Bernd and Schweitzer, Antje and Dogil, Grzegorz. 2015. Exploring the relationship between intonation and the lexicon: Evidence for lexicalised storage of intonation. Speech Communication 66:65-81. - pdf

Tilsen, Sam. 2009. Subphonemic and cross-phonemic priming in vowel shadowing: Evidence for the involvement of exemplars in production. Journal of Phonetics 37:276-296. - pdf

*Todd, Simon and Pierrehumbert, Janet B. and Hay, Jennifer. 2019. Word frequency effects in sound change as a consequence of perceptual asymmetries: An exemplar-based model. Cognition 185:1-20. - pdf

Wade, Travis, Grzegorz Dogil, Hinrich Schütze, Michael Walsh, and Bernd Möbius (2010): "Syllable frequency effects in a context-sensitive segment production model". Journal of Phonetics 38 (2), 227-239. - pdf

Walsh, Michael, Bernd Möbius, Travis Wade, and Hinrich Schütze (2010): "Multilevel Exemplar Theory". Cognitive Science 34, 537-582. - pdf

*Winter, Bodo and Wedel, Andrew. 2016. The co-evolution of speech and the lexicon: The interaction of functional pressures, redundancy, and category variation. Topics in Cognitive Science 8:503-513. - pdf

References (classical and seminal)

Abbot-Smith, Kirsten, and Michael Tomasello. 2006. Exemplar-learning and schematization in a usage-based account of syntactic acquisition. The Linguistic Review 23:275-290. - pdf

Bod, Rens. 2006. Exemplar-based syntax: How to get productivity from examples. The Linguistic Review 23:291-320. - pdf

Bybee, Joan. 2006. From usage to grammar: The mind's response to repetition. Language 82(4):711-733. - pdf

Goldinger, Stephen D. 1996. Words and voices: Episodic traces in spoken word identification and recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22, 1166-1183. - pdf

Goldinger, Stephen D. 1998. Echoes of echoes? An episodic theory of lexical access. Psychological Review 105:251-279. - pdf

Johnson, Keith. 1997. Speech perception without speaker normalization: An exemplar model. In Keith Johnson and John W. Mullennix (eds.), Talker Variability in Speech Processing, 145-165. San Diego: Academic Press. - pdf

Lacerda, Francisco. 1995. The perceptual-magnet effect: An emergent consequence of exemplar-based phonetic memory. In Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Stockholm), 2:140-147. - pdf

Pierrehumbert, Janet. 2001. Exemplar dynamics: Word frequency, lenition and contrast. In Joan Bybee and Paul Hopper (eds.), Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, 137-157. Amsterdam: Benjamins. - pdf

References (supplementary)

Grossberg, Stephen. 2003. Resonant neural dynamics of speech perception. Journal of Phonetics 31:423-445. - pdf

Hintzman, Douglas L. 1986. `schema abstraction' in a multiple-trace memory model. Psychological Review 93:328-338. - pdf

Kruschke, John K. 1992. ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review 99:22-44. - pdf

Kübler, Sandra. 2004. Memory-Based Parsing. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. - Google books

Nosofsky, Robert M. 1986. Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 115:39-57. - pdf

Nosofsky, Robert M., and Roger D. Stanton. 2005. Speeded classification in a probabilistic category structure: Contrasting exemplar-retrieval, decision-boundary, and prototype models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 31:608-629. - pdf

Nosofsky, Robert M., and Safa R. Zaki. 2002. Exemplar and prototype models revisited: Response strategies, selective attention, and stimulus generalization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 28:924-940. - pdf

Varges, Sebastian, and Chris Mellish. 2001. Instance-based natural language generation. In Proceedings of The Second Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL 2001) (Pittsburgh, PA), volume ??, p. ?? - pdf


bm 9.7.2020